Levels naturally decline with age, stress, poor diet, and toxin exposure, which may impact skin health, immunity, and cellular aging
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The peptide promotes angiogenesis at 1 nanomolar concentration through VEGF and bFGF expression, improving blood vessel formation and microcirculation in damaged tissue
Wang XJ, Chen W, Fu XT, Ma JK, Wang MH, Hou YJ, Tian DC, Fu XY, Fan CD (2018) Reversal of homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal neurons by astaxanthin: evidences for mitochondrial dysfunction and signaling crosstalk
The complete selection process, including the number of records identified, screened, and excluded with explicit reasons (separated for preclinical and clinical/epidemiological literature), is documented in the PRISMA flow diagram (Figure 1)